Work cat.: Gladiator (Motion picture : 2000). Gladiator, 2003 (summary: When a Roman general is betrayed and his family murdered by an emperor's corrupt son, he comes to Rome as a gladiator to seek revenge)

López, D. Films by genre, ©1993 (Peplum (Sex-and-Sand Epic, S & S Movie); Peplums are minor epics featuring mythological, biblical, and Italian-created strongmen elevated to the category of popular heroes: Hercules, Maciste, Ursus, Samson, Goliath, Taur; has also been referred to as sword-and-sandal epic, sandal-and-spear/s epic, spear-and-sandal epic, cloak-and sandal, gladiator, and muscle/muscleman epic)

Moving image genre-form guide via WWW, July 19, 2007: (peplum: see Ancient world; Fantasy)

The Mondo-Esoterica guide to the peplum, via WWW, May 2, 2018 (term Peplum most commonly applied to the mass of muscle-man movies that sprung up in the 1960s after the success of Hercules (1958). However, like most euro-cult expressions it has become confused and re-used heavily down the years, most often interchangably with the generic term "Sword and Sandal" leading to many American made films being rather incorrectly classified as Pepla; incorporating the traditional muscleman films as well as historical epics and adventure pictures with a classical/ancient setting (from Ancient Egypt through to around 700 AD) but not including more modern-set historical epics and muscleman films or the Biblical epics of which the Italians shot many during the 1960s; The Peplum should also not be confused with the later "Sword and Scorcery" genre that arose from the success of Conan the Barbarian (1982) and although there is a lot of overlap, the latter distinctly employed more high fantasy and magical elements)

Of muscles and men : essays on the sword and sandal film, ©2011: p. 5 (the peplum; pepla; peplum or sword and sandal films)

Günsberg, M. Italian cinema : gender and genre, 2005: p. 17 (peplum films) p. 103 (pepla)

Google, July 14, 2018: (peplum films: 18,100 hits; cloak-and-sandal films: 2 hits; muscleman films: 419 hits; pepla: 28,500 hits; sex-and-sand epics: 213 hits; Spear-and-sandal epics: 197 hits)

Films that feature mythological, biblical, or invented strongmen as heroes.